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Assessment of sleep quality and its determinants among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health crisis, affecting hundreds of millions worldwide. Poorsleep quality—often under-recognized—impairs glycemic control and accelerates diabetes-related complications. Despite its clinicalrelevance, data on sleep quality among T2DM patients in Somalia are virtually nonexistent. This study aimed to evaluate theprevalence and determinants of poor sleep quality among T2DM patients in Mogadishu, Somalia.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2024 and January 2025 at Mogadishu Somali-Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital. A total of 311 adults with T2DM were selected using systematicsampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and validated instruments including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Logistic regression analysis was employedto identify variables independently associated with suboptimal sleep quality.Results: Overall, 54.0% of participants reported poor sleep quality (95% CI: 48.3–59.7). Multivariable analysis identified severalsignificant predictors, including female gender, unemployment, low income, substance use, physical inactivity, and depressivesymptoms. Clinical factors such as comorbidities, poor glycemic control, and diabetes-related complications were also independentlyassociated with suboptimal sleep quality.Conclusion: Over half of T2DM patients in Mogadishu experience poor sleep quality, influenced by sociodemographic, behavioral,psychological, and clinical factors. The findings highlight the need to incorporate sleep evaluation and targeted interventions—focusing on mental health, lifestyle, and metabolic control—into routine diabetes care.

Uploaded by: Nur Adam
Author: Adam, Nur | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-9784
Co-author: Mohamud, Rahma Yusuf Haji
Co-author: Hilowle, Fadumo Hussein
Co-author: Ali, Tigad Abdisad
Co-author: Mohamed, Yusuf Abdirisak | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7770-8910
Co-author: Gabow, Adan Ali
Co-author: Mohamed, Hawa Nuradin
Co-author: Sidow, Nor Osman | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-5054
Co-author: Hassan, Mohamed Sheikh | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-1524
Co-author: Waberi, Mohamud Mire | ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-4428
Institution: None | Centre: DIGI-FACE
Type: Journal article | English | Peer Reviewed
Subjects: Health and Pandemic Prevention

Published in: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, ISSN 1178-7007 | Volume 18, 2025
Publisher of document: Auckland, N.Z.: Dove Medical Press Limited
Date: 15 June 2025 | Pages: 18 (pages 949-1965)
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S533810
Copyright: Creative Commons - Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) | License: Dove Medical Press Limited